Article
Sustainable Stabilization of Subgrade Soils in Kazakhstan Using Converter Slag Based on Industrial Waste
Abstract
This study demonstrates that Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) slag is an effective and sustainable material for stabilizing subgrade soils and slopes in Kazakhstan. The results confirm significant improvements in strength, durability, and resistance to rainfall and freeze–thaw cycles, while reducing CO₂ emissions, material costs, and landfill disposal. Utilizing locally available industrial waste supports a circular economy approach and provides a viable pathway toward stronger, climate-resilient, and carbon-neutral road infrastructure beyond 2030.
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